Removable lining for boxcars



Nov. 3, 1942. I I L. A. RQOWE 2,300,449

REMOVABLE LINING FOR BOX CARS Filed Sept. 28; 1940 V 3 Sheets-Sheet lL.-'-A.'.RQWE momm mime Foapox CARS" Filed Sept. 28, 1940 3 Sheets-Shetmi N m Nov 3,1942

L flowz REMOVABLE LINING FOR Box cans Filed Sept 28,, 1940,

3 Sheetp-Sheet 3 Patented Nov. 3, 1942 REMOVABLE LINING FOR BOXCARSLawrence A. Rowe, Oak Park, Ill., assignor to MacLean-Fogg Lock NutCompany, Chicago, 111., a corporation of Illinois Application September28, 1940, Serial No. 358,765

13 Claims.

My invention relates to removable lining for box cars.

The inability readily to remove and replace the linings of box cars hasresulted in considerable .losses in railroad freight operations and inthe maintenance of rolling stock. When grain, flour, cement, sawdust,fertilizer, lime, brick, peat moss, and the like are shipped in boxcars, the fine particles or dust content of the material will be set incirculation in the air within the car through agitation in loading orunloading, and by agitation due to the frequent jars and impactssuffered by box cars. This is especially true in the case of bulkshipments, but it applies to many packaged shipments as well, eitherbecause the packages are not airtight, as in the instance of flourbarrels and cement sacks, or because, whether airtight or not, somepackages have broken open. A greater or less amount of such dust andfine particles--depending upon the nature of the material and how it ispackaged, if at all-will get into the space between the lining and thewall or sheathing of the car. Even though the interior of the car isbrushed down and the floor swept out after such shipments, the materialbehind the lining continues to accumulate.

In the instance of grain or other farinaceous vmaterial, such dustsettlings are favorable breeding places for weevils, and the detectionof any switching a substitute weevil-free car. Any accumulation of fooddust also offers a haven for insects and rodents. If dust accumulationsbe of a decomposable nature, the odor of its subsequent decompositionmay render the car unfit for many purposes. Somewhat similarly, manykinds of dust accumulations will absorb odors of previous shipments andrender the car unfit for shipments of many food products susceptible ofodor contamination.

Another difiiculty resulting from long continued accumulation ofdeposits is the weight of the accumulation behind the lining which oftenreaches 300 or 400 pounds. Since the load in many cars is determined byweighing the loaded car and deducting the tare or lightweight of the caras stenciled on its exterior, the shipper often actually receives 300 or400 pounds less material than he pays for.

.Still another and very important objection to the accumulation ofmaterial behind the lining is that, whether ornot the substance is perse absorbent, in granular form, it will retain mois ture. Lying upagainst the exposed structural metal or metal sheathing of the car, themoisture-ladened'material will considerablyhastenthe rusting fromwithin, with attendant premature expense of repairing or rebuilding thecar. This is especially serious when the car has beencarrying saltshipments. Also, the difiiculty in fully removing the lining discourageskeeping the inner surfaces of the .metal parts of the car well paintedto resist corrosion.

The principal object of my invention, therefore, is to provide readyremovability for the lining so that the liningcan be removed and theaccumulatedmaterial completely cleaned out at sufi'lciently low cost topromote regular and frequent cleaning behind linings. It is notsufficient to provide access merely near the floor, because with thehorizontally corrugatedsheet metal end walls now customarily employed inbox cars, :the horizontal corrugations and the horizontal furring stripsto which the linings are nailed afford so many horizontal shelves onwhich dust settles. Even the practice of ripping an occasional liningplank from its furring strips to blow compressed air behind the lining,even though setting much of the dust again in agitation, does noteffectively remove the dust accumulations. Another advantage of readilyand completely removing the lining is that a suction cleaner may be usedfor removing the dust deposits, as dist-inguished from using compresedair which again sets the dust in circulation throughout the car.

As subordinate objects, my invention achieves a number of desirablefeatures in connection with the removability. .Among these features are:

My removable mounting of the lining is applicable to both new andexisting box cans of usual and standard construction. That is, it doesnot require the partial rebuilding of the box car to adapt it to theremovable lining mounting, nor

does it require any. change in the present design ofbox carconstruction.

The lining boards, together with the furring strips to which they arenailed, are removed as a unit. There is -no removal of individual liningboards, no nail pulling or renailing, and no destroying or injuring ofany lining-board. Even when a lining panel is removed, the fur-ringstrips are close to the ends of the boards so that free or unanchoredends of the boards are avoided in the removed panel.

No holes are required through the outer sheathing of the car, andconsequently the mounting of the lining does not give rise toany'ingress of rain, as is often the case with mounting bolts which passthrough holes in the sheathing and which, although initially watertight,eventually rust and leak.

The removal and replacement of the lining may be done by one workmanworking wholly within the car and without the necessity of holding orturning a wrench on the exterior. An incidental advantage to thisfeature is that the cleaning of cars behind linings may be accomplishedin transit while they are being dead headed back to the shipping point.

Although a number of bolts are employed for anchoring each lining panelto the car, it is not necessary to remove and replace the bolts or evento handle them, thus saving considerable time on the part of theworkman.

On the other hand, if, for any reason, the anchor bolts become bent inthe course of removing or replacing the lining, they can readily beremoved and replaced with new bolts by a simple dislodging or lodginghammer blow and without the necessity of any chiseling, riveting orwelding.

The parts employed in my removable mounting are in the nature of anumber of relatively small piecesbolts, nuts, small plates, and thelike, so that it is feasible to package all of the hardware needed forremovably mounting the lining in a given standard design of box car in asmall carton or package easily handled by railroad supply departments.

The wood used for the lining-the lining planks :and the furringstrips--may be either the same as, or have but very slight ch'angesover, the various wooden pieces now employed in standard linings. Thispermits the use of the same stock lumber pieces for my removable liningthat are used in the present more or less permanent linings. Icontemplate, however, that composition or multi-ply sheets of suitablerectangular shape may be used in lieu of the plank boards, for thelining.

No structure of the mounting means protrudes beyond the face surface ofthe lining, and but little metal employed in the lining mounting isexposed.

Provision is made for readily getting an anchorage on the lining panelfor pulling it out of place,

or, if necessary, for positively jacking it out of place, all withoutthe use of any elaborate equipment or special tools,

In my removable lining, the furring strips are,

ingeneral, held a spaced distance from the outside metal sheathing andalso from those portions of the frame posts which lie against thesheathing so that air is free to circulate between the wood and thosemetal portions which are directly exposed to the outside temperature tothe sheathing. In this way moisture condensing on the inside of thesheathing is kept out of contact with the wood and soon evaporated bycirculation of the air. In the present usual lining, the wood furringstrips and other wood parts frequently lie against the inside surfac ofthe metal pieces readily installed. Above all, my removable lining meetsall of the requirements for practical railway use.

The foregoing, together with further objects, features and advantages ofmy invention, are set forth in the following description of specificembodiments thereof and are illustrated in the accompanying drawingswherein:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an inside bottom corner of a standardsteel framed and steel sheathed box car embodying my removable lining,the corner illustrated being formed by a vertical out along thelongitudinal center line of the car and by a horizontal out about fivefeet above the floor;

Fig. 2 is a similar View, but with the lining removed;

Fig. 3 is a detailed vertical section through one of the corrugations inthe car end, taken at the region of a mounting bolt on the line 3-3 ofFig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3, but thrown into perspective andbefore application of the bolt, furring strip and lining;

Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 3, but taken at the region of apull-out socket along the line 55 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary plan section taken on the lines 6-6 of Figs. 1and 5;

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary plan section taken 0n the line l--! of Fig. 1 onthe side of the car at the region of a mounting bolt;

Fig. 8 is a section similar to Fig. '7, but taken at the region of apull-out socket along the line 8-8 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 9 is a perspective view of the parts illustrated in Fig. 7, butwith the lining and furring strip removed;

Fig. 10 is a fragmentary perspective section of the side of the carillustrating modified forms of mountings for the mounting bolts;

Fig. 11 is a plan section through the door post at the region of ananchoring bolt, taken on the line l|--ll of Fig. 1;

Fig. 12 is a detailed plan section through the corner of the car showingthe same corner parts as are shown in sectional perspective in Fig. 1;and

Fig. 13 is an bolts.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 2 and especially to Fig. 2, a box car ofstandard steel frame and sheathing construction is illustrated. The sidewall is framed by spaced side posts 20, which extend vertically from theside sill 2| to the side plate at the top of the wall. The side postsare 9 elevation of one of the mounting shown as of Z-shapedcross-section (save in the modification of Fig. 10) The steel sheathing22 lies against, and is secured to, the outer flanges of the side posts.The car has a virtually onepiece horizontally corrugated sheet metal end23 secured at its lower edge to the end sill 24 and at its upper edge tothe end plate. Its lateral edges are flanged to embrace the ends of thesheathing and are secured to the corner side post. The side door openingis laterally defined by a door post 25 of channel-shaped cross-section,which also serves as one of the side posts in framing the car.

As indicated by a comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, only the lower three feetor so of the side lining is shown as removable, although I contemplatethat the entire side may be removably mounted if desired in certaincases. It will be understood that the fixed panel 26 of the liningextends to Fig, 2.

the channel-shaped door post 25.

hole-shaped slots.

the full height of the lining, which is generally to the full height ofthe wall. In the fixed portion of the side lining, the lining boards 21extend horizontally from theend to the door post nosing .28 and arenailed to fixed furring strips '29bolted to the webs of the Z-posts 20and at one end nailed to the fixed furring strip 29' bolted to the webof the channel-shaped door post 25. The reasonit is ordinarily notnecessary to make more than the lower three feet or so of the sidelining removable is that the exposure of the lower three feet of thewall is sufiicient to remove all accumulations and there are noshelflike surfaces thereabove in the side lining on which dust canaccumulate. Therefore, it is easily cleaned outby a compressed air orsuction nozzle.

The steel end 23 illustratedis the'usual specific form ofhorizontally'corrugated end. It has vertically spaced outwardly pressedcorrugations 30 extending across the entire width of the end buttapering, as indicated'at 3|, as they-approach the side walls. Theselong corrugations 30 are alternated with short corrugations 32 extendinginwardly from the lateral margins of the end. It will be understood thatthe tapers-31 in which the long corrugations 3i] terminate are tapers'both in the vertical height of the corrugations and in the depth of thecorrugations.

and its mounting, I shall describe it in the sequence of itsinstallation. Collar bolt brackets 3d are mounted on the'side posts 20,as shown in Fig. 9 is a detail showing one of the brackets 34 and themanner of its mounting. The bracket is a small rectangular plat havingan offset lateral flange 35. One edge of the bracket is welded, as at36, to the web of the Z- shaped side post. The edge of the ofiset flangeoffset is to preserve enough space between the bracket and the outerflange of the side post -to give ample clearance for the head of themounting bolt. The bracket 34 is perforated by a keyhole-shaped slot'31.

In the instance of the door post, as is indicated in the lowerright-hand corner of Fig. 2

and shown in greater detail in Fig. 11, I prefer to use a modifiedbracket 38. It is a plate of the same height but longer and welded, asindicated at 39, to the inside surface of the outer flange of Thebracket 38 is likewise perforated by a keyhole-shaped slot 37. If theouter flange of the door post 25 is not thick enough to give therequired clearance for the head of the bolt to be mounted in thebracket, the bracket may be slightly ofiset, as shown in Fig. 11.

Because there are no vertical framing posts for the car end 23, thecollar bolt brackets to be mounted at th end are arranged and securedsomewhat differently. Thus, the collar bolt brackets it for the end, asillustrated in Fig. 2, are simple rectangular platesperforated by key-They are of such a height thatwhen they are setinto the corrugationspar- 'allel with the plane of the end, their top and bottom edges willcontact the converging upper and lower Walls of the corrugations 30 at aregion where thebrackets are spaced somewhat inwardly of the bottoms orvalleys of the corrugations.

This .is best shown in Figs. 3 and .4. The brackets are mounted in placeby welding 41 along their upper and lower edges. The brackets 4E! andtheir mountings, although .very simple, serve securely to anchor thebrackets fixedly upon the change or addition required in the car for myremovable lining. They are easily permanently installed. Their additionis in the nature of a superficial but permanent application of somepieces of hardware.

One of the collar bolts 42 is shown in detail in Fig. 13. The collarbolt 42 comprises: a head 63; an annular collar 44 axially spacedtherefrom by a distance equal to the thickness of the plate stock of thebracket; a squared neck 45 between the head and collar; and a shank 46threaded inwardly from the opposite end.

Each keyhole-shaped slot 31 in the collar bolt brackets has a head orcircular opening SJa a little larger in diameter than the diameter ofthe head of thebolt, so that the head of the bolt may be passedtherethrough, and a depending slot 31b, the width of which is the sameas the inter-face diameter of the squared neck of the bolt. Thus, toanchor a collar bolt 42 in one of the brackets, the head of the bolt ispassed through the keyiole and then the bolt is laterally tapped with ahammer near-its collar to drive the neck into the slot 3lb,with which itmakes a driving fit. At the same time the opposed faces of the head andcollar make a binding fit with the surfaces of the plate adjoining theslot-whereby rigidly to anchor the bolt in true normal to the plane ofthe bracket.

The squared neck precludes turning of the bolt.

Thus, all of the bolts are so anchored that they extend horizontallyinwardly at right angles to the side wallor end, as the case may be, asshown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 also shows how the interior of the car appearswhen the removable portion of the lining has been removed.

After the collar bolt brackets have been installed in the car and afterthe collar bolts have been anchored in their brackets, the furringstrips for the removable portions of the lining are next installed. Forthe removable side lining vertical furring strips 50 are employed. Theylie along the side posts 20, extending from the floor up to the bottomedges of the fixed side lining 26. The fixed furring strips 29 of thelatter do not extend below the lining boards for the med portion 25, andthe removable furring strips 50 are placed beneath the fixed furringstrips 29. The vertical furring strips 50 have predrilled holes 5|spaced in accordance with the spacing of the collar bolt brackets 40which, as shown, means one bolt hole near each end. The furring stripsare applied so that the bolts extend through the holes, and then thebolts are clamped against the bracketsM by .nuts 52. The outer faces .ofthe furring strips 50 lie against the faces .of the brackets 34, andthereby are spaced a considerable distance from the outer flanges of theZ- shaped side posts 20 and from the sheathing 22. In this way aircirculation is permitted between the wooden furring strips and the metaloutside wall of the car, so that condensation will not be retained bycontact of the wood with the resulting rusting or rotting.

In the instance of the door post, the associated furring strip 53 ispreferably somewhat wider so that its width may include the nosing strip28 partially recessed into and nailed to the furring strip. The width ofthe furring strip, however, is

preferably not such as to overlie the inner or short leg of thechannel-shaped door post 25.

After the vertical furring strips for the removable portion of the sidelining have been bolted in place, the several tongued and grooved liningboards 54 are nailed to the furring strips. The boards extend from thecar end to the nosing 28. Holes 55 are provided in those of the liningboards 54 which pass the bolts 42, whereby to receive the nuts 52 andprovide access thereto by a socket Wrench.

The furring strips '6 for the end lining lie and are placed withincertain-but usually not all-of the long corrugations 30 in the car end.The furring strips are tapered toward their ends in the usual manner toaccommodate the taper of the corrugations. The end furring strips 56 areprovided with horizontal holes 59 spaced as required to receive thecollar bolts 42 anchored in the end. brackets 40.

An end furring strip 56 is mounted by holding it horizontally crosswiseof the car at the elevation of the corrugations which are to receive it.Then the furring strip is moved horizontally toward the end of the caruntil the bolts 42 enter and pass through the holes 59. Then the nuts 52are applied to clamp the furring strip firmly in place.

After the end furring strips are bolted in place, the end lining boards51 are nailed thereto. The end lining boards extend vertically fromfloor to top and in practice are also tongued and grooved. Some of theend lining boards are provided with holes 58 where they pass the bolts,for reception and exposure of the nuts 52.

If the location of the plates 4!) is maintained within rather accuratelimits by the use of a simple jig, the furring strips may be entirelypreprepared at a Wood working shop, with the bolt holes properly locatedtherein. In fact, a certain number of the lining boards may have the nutholes preformed therein also. This is particularly feasible becauseabout one out of every four lining boards will have several holes in it,whereas the other lining boards will have none.

It will be noted from Figs. 1 and 12 that at each corner of the car,where the lateral margin of the end lining juxtaposes the end margin ofthe side lining, the end lining overlies both the fixed and removableportions of the side lining. This is an important detail. Because theend lining does not necessarily extend all of the way to the top and maynot reach any abutment at the top preventing its moving upwardly, it isnot entirely safe to arrange the keyholes 31 in the end. brackets M withtheir slots depending from their heads, as is done in the instance ofthe side brackets 34. Otherwise, it might happen that the entire endlining would be subjected to a strong upward push, which would dislocatethe bolts from their anchorages in the brackets. To avoid thispossibility, I arrange the keyholes in the end brackets 40 to lie withtheir slots horizontally-- some to the right and some to the left. Thisprecludes dislodging the bolts from their anchorages by an upwardmovement of the entire end lining. On the other hand, there is nopossibility of the bolts becoming dislodged from their keyholeanchorages in the end brackets 40 by a lateral shifting of the endlining-that is, by a shifting sidewise of the carbecause the lateraledges of the end lining lie against the end margins of the side liningswith such a tight fit as to preclude any substantial lateral shifting.

In the instance of the side brackets 34, on the other hand, the keyholesmay be arranged with their slots depending vertically, because upwardvertical shifting of the removable portion of the lining is precluded byits upper edge abutting the lower edge of the fixed portion 26. Or, suchbodily shifting of the panel may be avoided by arranging the slotsassociated with that panel in various directions.

Another advantage for the lining overlapping arrangement at the carcorners is that it makes it conveniently possible to mount only thelower part of the side lining removably and leave the upper part fixed.This could not very well be done if the overlapping arrangement were thereverse of that shown, because then all of the side lining would have tobe removed for the end lining to be pulled out.

I optionally, but preferably, provide a pull-out anchorage whereby aconvenient grasp may be obtained upon a removable lining section to pullit inwardly from the wall so that it can be removed far enough forcleaning. My preferred form of pull-out anchor 60 is shown incorporatedin the removable lining sections. The general locations are indicated inFig. 1. One is placed near each end of the removable side lining at amidpoint of its height. In the end lining one pull-out anchor isprovided near each corner of the entire end lining. The detail of thepull-out anchor and its application to the end lining is shown in thevertical and plan sections of Figs. 5 and 6. It comprises a threadedsocket 6| formed by a tubular extension of a back plate casting 62,which lies along the back side of an end furring strip and is securedthereto by bolts 63. The threaded socket 6| preferably is opened throughthe back of the casting. The tubular socket 6| is somewhat longer thanthe thickness of the furring strip, so that it may pass through a hole64 in the lining board to expose the socket BI to the interior of thecar without protruding beyond the face of the lining. It will beunderstood that if the pull-out anchors are to be included, they arebolted to their furring strips before the furring strips are mounted.The pull-out anchors are placed intermediate the holes for the mountingbolts 42 so that the back plates 62 and the nuts for their attachingbolts 63, which protrude behind the furring strips, are well away fromthe regions of the brackets 34 and 40 which lie directly against theback faces of the furring strips.

The operation of removing the lining is as follows: All of the nuts 52are removed from the end lining. Then the end liningthe vertical liningboards together with the furring strips to which they are nailed-arepulled inwardly away from the car end, together with a swinging movementabout one of th lateral edges, so that the end lining, although stillvertical, occupies an oblique position. The removed end lining may betaken out of the car or, more conveniently, temporarily leaned againstsome other wall.

If the pull-out anchors 60 are provided, this operation is greatlysimplified. An eye bolt 65 is screwed into each of the four pull-outanchors 60 in the end lining. Rope ends are tied in the eyes. By pullingon the ropes a workman may exert considerable direct force in pulling inthe lining. By pulling only ropes leading to one lateral edge, theoblique swinging of the end is easily accomplished. Bypulling on allfour ropes, the end lining may be pulled inwardly but'still keptparallel with the car end. Or, by pulling ropes leading only to thebottom anchors, or only to the top anchors, the lining may be tiltedforwardly or rearwardly as desired or required for any particularmaneuvering.

In the event there should be an unusual binding or resistance to pullingin the lining, some or all of the eye bolts may be threaded through theanchor until the eye bolt protrudes far enough beyond the back of theanchor to contact the car end itself, as indicated by dotted lines inFig. 5. In this way the eye bolt acts as a screw jack for positivelyforcing the lining away from the end of the car. A cross rod may beslipped through the eye for convenient leverage in turning an eye bolt.

After the end lining is removed, the bottom portion of the side liningis removed in a similar manner. The nosing strip 28 at the end of theremovable section of the lining, together with the door post furringstrip 53, comes out as an integral part of the removable lining. In casethe pull-out anchors 88 are used, eye bolts are employed with them in asimilar manner. In the event the eye bolts are used as screw jacks, theybear against the outer flanges of the side posts 20. Thus, there is nodanger of bellying out the lighter sheathing by employing the eye boltsas screw jacks. stance of the pull-out anchors for the end linings,although the use of the-eye bolts as screw jacks will come directlyagainst the sheet metal of the car end 23, it is not apt to distort thesheet metal because it is rendered amply rigid by the corrugationstherein.

It will be seen that when the linings are removed, they are in largepanels in which the lining boards and their furring strips arepermanently nailed in assembled relation, and the furring stripscontinue to act as stiffening reinforcements for the removable linings.The pull-out anchors 60, if employed, are removed as integral parts ofthe lining. The bolts are left anchored in their brackets on the carwalls. Thus, in the removal of the linings, the only piecesto be'handledare the large lining panels themselves and a pocket full of nuts 52 andtheir washers.

Not only are the car walls exposed down to the floor for the removal ofany accumulated dust deposits, but the back sides of the linings areexposed where they too can be cleaned. The larger accumulations of dustmay be swept or brushed out along the floor and any remaining depositsmay be blown out with an air hose. Or a suction cleaner may be employedto avoid recirculating any dust. The air hose or suction cleaner may berun up behind the fixed portion Incidentally, in the inthe upper portionof the side lining may be removable also by the same mounting means,either as a separate panel or as a high panel unitary with the lowerportion. As shown, the removable portions of the car lining constitutesix panels-two end panels and four side panels.

Not only are the car walls and the backs of the removable liningsexposed for cleaning, but the inner surfaces of the car walls and theirframes are fully exposed for convenient repainting of any areas thatindicate the start of rusting. The removal of the lower portions of theside linings also makes it convenient at the same time to replace anyfloor boards, which is otherwise a difiicult task because the ends ofthe floor boards extend beneath the lining.

If any fumigating of. the car should be required, it can best be donewhile the linings are removed. Fumigation does not so efiectively reachbehind linings while they are in place.

Especially if the pull-out anchors are. employed, the lining panels maybe pulled away from their walls suflicient to clear the bolts before thepanels are turned obliquely, and for this reason there is little chanceof the bolts being bent. But if it is found that any bolts. are bent,before putting the linings back, any such bolt can readily bev replacedby. islodging it from the slot of its mounting bracket by a hammer blownear the collar, and a new boltv substituted.

In replacing the linings, the removable p.01.- tion of the side liningis first brought intO parallelism with the wall, and then movedoutwardly against the wall with the protruding bolts 42 passing throughtheir holes in the verticaliurring strips, and then the nuts arevapplied to pull the lining back into. place. After theside linings arein place, the end linings are similarly applied.

My construction of a removable mounting for the linings is so arrangedthat in the initial installation of the lining it is built up in place,and the lining more accurately fits its place and its mounting boltsthan would be the case if the lining panel had to be preformed in itsentirety and then mounted. in the car for its initialinstallation. Thus,my furring strips are first sepe arately mounted on their mounting boltsand clamped in position thereon by the nuts. Thus, the bolt holes ineach furring strip are accurately aligned with the mounting bolts. Also,each furring strip is accurately spaced from all of the other furringstrips as required for its pare ticular mounting bolts. This takes careof any inaccuracies in the installation of the brackets 34' and 40, andalso for any eccentricities in the spacing or off-vertical inclinationof the side post in the construction of that side of that particularcar. In the instance of the end, the horizontal furring strips are alsoindividually mount,- ed so that they come at the right position relativeto the brackets and corrugations and are placed as required by mypeculiarities thereof. It is only after these furring strips have beenbolted in place that they are assembled into integral parts of thelining panel by the nailing thereto of the lining boards. Once thelining boards are nailed to the furring strips, the furring strips arethereafter permanently maintained in their original installed positions.As a consequence, the lining panels may repeatedly be removed andreplaced, and still each time they are replaced their bolts will bepositioned so that they easily fall into their bolt holes and the liningstrips will always be so arranged that they fit easily back into theiroriginal positions. It would be .difiicult to realize in practice suchan easy refitting of linings if the furring strips and lining boardswere prefabricated units installed in the car after prefabrication. Yet,in accordance with my invention, the individual pieces of wood-theplanks and furring strips-may be prefabricated, leaving only thenailing, as the final step in assembling the panels, to be done on thejob.

I have previously alluded, especially in connection with the side walls,to the feature that the wooden furring strips are spaced out of contactwith the sheathingand those flanges of the side posts which lie directlyagainst the sheathing, since the sheathingand those flanges are theplaces where condensation is most likely to occur. By keeping thefurring strips spaced from those metal parts, the condensation is notabsorbed by the wood and held in contact with the metal, so that therusting of the metal is not hastened nor is the rotting of the woodencour aged. In the instance of the end linings, the furring strips aresimilarly spaced away from contact with the corrugated car end. As shownin Figs. 3 and 5, I prefer to make the furring strips of such thicknessthat their inner faces are one-sixteenth or'one-eighth of an inchinwardly from the inner face of the corrugated car end. In this way Iinsure vertical air circulation between the lining-planks and the carend as well as between the furring strips and the car end, so that athin but definite path for vertical air circulation is insured. Thisvertical air circulation tends to keep the wood from rotting and alsokeeps the sheet metal of the car end from rusting. The unimpeded aircirculation behind both the side and end linings is also valuable indiscouraging many types of insect and bacterial life. 1. p

The usual practicein framing the sides of steel sheathed box cars is toemploy side posts of Z-shaped cross-section, as shown in the figuresheretofore discussed. It is a not infrequent practice, however, to useU-bars of channel shape with the legs of the channel turned outwardly tolie against the inside of the sheathing, as shown in the side posts 20in the modification of Fig. 10. If the furring strips are to come at theside posts, as previously disclosed, the collar bolt brackets cannot beformed and mounted in quite the same manner as shown in Fig. 9, forexample, because the outer flanges of the channelshaped side posts 20'are not as Wide as the outer flange of the Z-shape side post 20 of Fig.9. At the right-hand end of Fig. 10, I have shown how the same bracket34 may be installed. The left-hand end of the plate portion is welded inthe same way, but the offset flange 35 is welded to the sheathing ratherthan to the flange of the post. It is not necessary that the offsetflange 35 be any deeper. If the flange 35, even in the installation ofFig. 9, be a little deeper than actually required for clearance of thehead of the bolt, the same bracket 34 may be used in installing mylining whether the side post be of the Z-shaped or channel-shaped type.

At the left-hand end of Fig. 10, I have indicated a modified form ofbracket 34a in which the welded mounting may be entirely upon the post,which would have the advantage that the bracket would not be disturbedshould one panel of the sheathing have to be replaced. In this form, theoffset flange 35a is not vertically continuous, but rather in the formof backwardly offset ears, which do not interfere with the properpositioning of the keyhole and still may be welded directly to theflange of the post.

In some designs of box cars, and especially where channel-shaped postsare employed, it is the practice, in installing fixed linings, to putthe furring strips intermediate the side posts rather than at the sideposts. In order to adapt my removable mounting to such linings withoutdisturbing that practice, I have shown, in Fig. 10, a bracket 34b placedintermediate the posts and welded directly to th inside surface of thesheathing. In plan, this modified bracket 34b may preferably have ashape like the channel shape of the posts 20', except on a smaller scaleand with the web of the channel but slightly offset from the sheathing,as required to give clearance for the bolt head. I might mention,however, that the placing of the furring strip intermediate the sideposts is not the most desirable practice. One objection is that anyimpact of a sliding load against the lining is resisted by the middle ofthe sheathing panel instead of being resisted directly by the sideposts. The practice of placing the furring strip intermediate the sideposts in cars employing channel shaped posts has been the difliculty inbolting the furring strips to the channel shaped posts without addingthe thickness of the furring strip to the thickness of the post, whichwould narrow the overall inside dimension of the lined car. By myinvention, however, the furring strips can be mounted at the posts andwithin the thickness of the posts, and thereby the furring strips may beplaced at the side posts where they properly belong.

The removable mounting of my lining does not involve any holes throughthe sheathing or car end, and consequently it does not give rise to anysituation where, as a result of rusting of bolt heads or rivets or theloosening of nuts, any path is opened up for the ingress of rain. Also,because none of the attaching means extends through the car wall, all ofthe original installation, as well as subsequent removal and replacementof the lining, may be done wholly from within the careven to thereplacement of damaged bolts.

It is of considerable practical advantage that all of the hardware-thatis, everything except the wooden boards and the furring strips-requiredfor the installation of the lining in accordance with my invention aresmall pieces which readily lend themselves to being packaged in a smallcarton which is easily handled through supply departments and easilycarried to the car for installation, and yet the hardware in thatpackage will serve to install the lining in any usual standard box car.Also, from the standpoint of manufacture, there are only seven differentkinds of pieces of hardware required: The

plate brackets 40, the smaller plate brackets 40', the L-shaped brackets34, the door post brackets 38, the bolts 42, the nuts 52, and theirwashers. They are all simple inexpensive parts. Even when the pull-outanchors are used, the pull-out anchor castings are relatively small sothat they can likewise be packaged in the carton.

I claim: 1. In a box car having steel sheathed wal and wooden liningpanels therefor consisting of furring strips set into the thickness ofthe wall and lining boards nailed to the strips, hardware for removablymounting the lining panels on the wall, which hardware consists of setsof horizontally and vertically spaced individual small platebracketsrigidly welded to the walls and disposed parallel with theirassociated walls and in bolt head clearance relation thereto butpositioned outwardly of the inner plane of their associated walls bysubstantially the thickness of the furring strips,.keyholes through thebrackets, a set of individual collarbolts wholly within the steelsheathing of the walls, each comprising a threaded. shank, a head at oneend, a collar axially spaced therefrom, and a flatted neck between thehead and collar, one of the collar. bolts being non-rotatably andrigidly but removablymounted in each bracket withits squared neckin thesubslot of the keyhole and the faces of the head and collar firmlyengaging the respective faces of the plate bracket whereby the boltsextend inwardly at normals to their respective anchor ing walls forextending through holes in the furring strips, and. inwardly exposednuts on the endsof the boltsfor clamping the furring strips.

2. The method of installing and subsequently removing and replacingwooden linings for steel walled box cars, which consists in rigidlywelding small keyholed plate-like brackets, at vertically andhorizontally spaced positions, on inside faces of the walls, but atregions thereof spaced aboutv one to three inches outwardly of theirinner planes and with bolt head clearance space behind the keyholes,removably mounting-collar bolts in the respective brackets by passingtheir heads through the keyholes and driving the bolts transversely toseat their necks in the subslots ofthe keyholes and press the facesoftheir heads and collars against the respective faces of the brackets.whereby non-rotatably and. rigidly to mount. the bolts with theirthreaded ends extending. horizontally inwardly at normals to theirsupporting. walls, drilling bolt holes through the strips at spacingconforming to spacing of the brackets, shifting the furring stripsoutwardly but parallel with their associated, walls upon previouslymounted of the bolts to cause the bolts to penetrate the bolt holes,threading nuts on the boltsto clamp the bolt-penetrated furring stripsto the walls, nailing liningstrips to previously mounted of the furringstrips at right angles thereto and with the boards lying against theinner faces of thefurring strips and inwardly of the said inner planesof the steel walls, leaving holes in the lining boards to receive andexpose the nuts for access from within the car; subsequently removingthe lining as unitary-panels by unscrewing the nuts to free the: endsofthe bolts, pulling thefurring strips-with their l lining boards stillnailedthereto-inwardly from their mounting bolts but leaving the boltsmounted in their brackets, removing the panels from their walls; andsubsequently reversing the removal operation to replace the liningpanels Without having removed th boards from their strips.

3. The method of installing and subsequently removing and replacing awooden lining for a steel walled box car-where the inner faces of thewalls have parallel inward regions extending across the wall alternatingwith parallel outward regionswhich consists of rigidly and nonrotatablymounting bolts by their head ends at vertically and horizontally spacedintervals upon the inside of the wall at said outward regions with thebolts wholly inwardly of the exterior of the wall and extendinghorizontally inwardly at normals to the mounting wall, preforming boltholes in furring strips, applying the strips to the walls to lieoutwardly of the said inward regions with the previously mounted boltspenetrating their bolt holes, threading nuts on theends of the bolts toclamp the strips, nailing lining boards to the inner faces of thepreviously applied strips crosswise thereofwhereby to fix andsubsequently maintain the associated strips intheir positions relativeto each other as originally determined by their b=oltsleaving holes inthe boards inwardly to expose the nuts for wrench access; subsequentlyremoving the nuts and inwardly pulling from thebolts the nailed-togetherboards and strips as a unitary lining panel, removing the panels fromthe wall; and subsequently replacing the panel without having removedthe bolts from the wall or the boards from their strips, and rethreadingthe nuts on the bolts again to clamp the panels to the wall.

4, In the side wall framing of a box car, a vertical side post of Zcross-section having an outer flange parallel with the wall, and acollar bolt mounting bracket L shaped in plan section, the distantlateral edge of thelong leglying against, and welded to, the webof thepost and the lateral margin of the short leg lyingagainst, and weldedto, the free-margin of the outer flange, whereby the short leg spacesthe long leg inwardly from the outer flange to provide a bolt headclearance therebetween, and a keyhole'slot in the long leg adaptedremovablyand rigidly to mount the head end of a horizontally inwardlyextending collar bolt, the long leg being set-back about one to threeinches from the inner flange of the post to accommodate the thickness ofa furring strip.

5, An'end wall for a box car comprising a sheet steel end havinghorizontal reinforcing corruga tions extending thereacross, horizontallyspaced setsof collar belt mounting brackets fixed in some ofthecorrugations on-the inner side of the end, each bracket consisting ofa plate, parallel with the plane-of the-end, having its upper and loweredges against, and welded to, more or less non-vertical walls ofitsassociated corrugation, with'the'plate set back about one to threeinches from the inner face plane of the corrugated end to accommodatethe thickness of a furring strip extending along the corrugations butstill leaving a bolt-head clearance space between the plate'and end, anda keyhole in the plate, a collar bolt rigidly mounted in the keyholewith its threaded shankextending inwardly beyond the inner plane of thecorrugations" and at a normal to the plane of the end, and a nutthreaded on the end of the shank beyond said plane.

6. In a box car having a horizontally corrugated sheet steel end withhorizontal furring strips disposed within certain of the inwardlyopening corrugations and vertical lining boards nailed to the furringstrips, means for mounting the lining on the car end for removal andreplacement thereon as a panel without removing the boards from theirfurring strips, the mountingmeans comprising plate brackets disposed inthe corrugations with their upper and lower edges welded to the car endand their faces disposed parallel with the car end but set outwardlyfrom the inner plane of the car end sufficiently to accommodate thethickness of the furring strips, keyhole-shaped slots in the brackets,bolt head clearance space between the brackets and car end, collar boltsrigidly mounted in the brackets, each collar bolt having a flatted neck,of strength comparable with that or its shank, set into the narrowportion of one of the keyhole-shaped slots to hold the bolt againstturning, the head and collar presenting facing annular shoulders in firmsurface contact with the respective sides of the plate bracket rig-idlyto hold the bolt with its threaded end extending horizontally inwardly,and holes in the furring strips through which the bolts pass, nuts onthe bolts for clamping the furring strips, the nuts lying outwardly ofthe inner face of the lining boards but being exposed to wrench accessfrom within the car.

'7. In a box car, a side wall comprising horizontally spaced verticalside posts and steel outer sheathing secured thereto and sets ofvertically spaced brackets mounted on the inner face of the sheathing invertical rows intermediate the posts, each bracket comprising a strip ofplate stock bent to present, in plane, an outwardly flanged channelsection with the outward flanges lying fiatwise against the sheathingand rigidly fixed thereto, and a keyhole in its web for removably andrigidly mounting the head end of a horizontally outwardly extendingcollar bolt.

8. A lining panel for a box car wall, the lining comprising spacedparallel furring strips and lining boards nailed crosswise to the innerfaces thereof, a set of horizontally and vertically spaced boltsanchored at their head ends on the wall and extending horizontallyinwardly from the wall independently of the lining, holes in the stripsthrough which the bolts protrude, nuts on the furring strips, the socketbeing inwardly exposed.

9. A wooden lining panel for the wall of a box car and means formounting it on the wall, the lining comprising spaced parallel furringstrips and lining :boards nailed thereto crosswise thereof and at theinner side thereof, the mounting means comprising bolts rig-idlyanchored at their head ends on the wall and extending horizontallyinwardly from the wall and passing through the furring strips, nuts onthe bolts for removably clamping the lining panel to the bolts, and apullout anchor for the lining panel, the anchor com-prising a horizontaltubular portion extending through one of the furring strips and exposedinwardly of the lining for reception of a bolt, a back plate carried bythe tubular portion at its rear end and lying along the outer side ofthe furring strip, and means for clamping the back plate to the furringstrip.

10. The combination of claim 9, wherein a screw is threaded into thesocket and protrudes outwardly thereof and rests against the wallwhereby the screw may serve as a screw jack to force the lining panelinwardly from the wall.

11. Mounting means for removably mounting lining panels, consisting ofspaced furring strips with lining boards nailed transversely thereto nthe inner side thereof, to the wall of a box car, comprising amultiplicity of individual bracket plates fixed on the inside of the carwalls, keyholes in the bracket plates, collar bolts rigidly mounted inthe keyholes and extending inwardly to receive the lining by passingthrough the furring strips which are clamped thereto by nuts threadedonto the bolt ends inwardly of the inner faces of the strips, eachcollar bolt having a neck, of strength comparable with the shank,nonrotatably seated in the narrow portion of the keyhole, presenting ashoulder face opposing the back side of the bracket plate and its collarpresenting a shoulder engaging the other side of the bracket platepin-chingly to hold the shoulder face of the head in firm flatwisecontact with the back side of the bracket plate.

12. In a box car, a side wall comprising horizontally spaced verticalsteel post and steel outer sheathing secured thereto, the posts, in plansection, including flanges lying against and parallel with the sheathingwhereby the flange and the adjoining sheathing constitute superposedplates, and transverse flanges extending inwardly at right anglesthereto, and individual vertically spaced collar bolt mounting bracketsdisposed against the sides of the respective posts, each bracket beingL-shaped in plan section, the distant lateral edge of its long leg lyingagainst, and welded to, the transverse flange of its post and th lateralmargin of its short leg lying against, and welded to, the inner face ofone of said plates, whereby the short leg spaces the long leg inwardlyfrom said plates to provide a bolt head clearance therebetween, and aslot in th long leg adapted removably and rigidly to mount the head endof a horizontally inwardly extending collar bolt, the long leg being setback a substantial distance from the inner flange of the post toaccommodate at least a substantial portion of th thickness of a furringstrip mounted by the bolts.

13. A box car having a side wall formed by side posts and an outersheathing and a lining formed by horizontally spaced vertical furringstrips and horizontal lining boards nailed to the inner sides thereof,mountings for removably fixing the lining on the inside of the wallcomprising horizontally spaced vertical rows of bolt rigidly mounted attheir outer ends upon the wall independently of the lining, whollyinwardly of the sheathing, and extending horizontally inwardly throughholes in the furring strips, nuts on the bolts for removably clampingthe strips thereto, the nuts being inwardly exposed for wrench access,the lining upon removal of the nuts being inwardly removable as a panelfrom the wall leaving the bolts inwardly extending and rigidly mounted,the bolts being collar bolts mounted in keyhole slots in bracket platesfixed to the wall outwardly of the furring strips, each collar bolthaving a flatted neck, of strength comparable with its shank, insertedin th narrow portion of the keyhole, and the head and collar presentingannular shoulders facing each other and making firm contact with therespective side-s of the bracket.

LAWRENCE A. ROWE.

